Because Venus is nearer to a Sun than a Globe, it universally appears within about a equivalent counsel from either Globe when a Sun (the greatest elongation is 47.8°), so olympian games it could normally sole become seen two or even three hours prior to sunrise or two or three hours fallowing sunset. Notwithstanding, whenever at its brightest, Venus may be seen when you took a daylight, making it one of exclusively 2 heavenly bodies that can be seen each every day (a more existence a Moon). These are every now and again known as a "Morning Star" or the "Evening Star", and whilst these are seeable around dark skies these are by far a brilliantly star-like object in the sky.

A period between of these maximal elongation & a next lives 584 years. When these 584 years Venus is seeable inside a position 72 degrees out of the last a single. Since Cinque * 584 = 2920, which is equivalent to Octet * 365 Venus comes back to the same point in the sky each Octonary years (minus ii leap times). This was referred to as a Sothis cycle in ancient Egypt. An additional association is by having a Moon, because 2920 years equal about exactly 99 lunations (Xxix.Pentad * 99 = 2920.Five).

Venus was known to ancient Babylonians around 1600 BC, and to the Mayan civilization (the Mayans developed the religious calendar according to Venus's motion) & must keep close at h& been known hanker prior to around prehistoric days, given that these are a third brightly object in a sky when the Sun and Moon. A Maasai people in Africa known as a planet Kileken, and have a myth all about it known as "The Orphan Boy." Venus was known as Lucifer by St. Jerome, and is considered an evil angel "cast out of heaven" by several Christian denominations.

).

A association by owning sex & muliebrity is supposed to relate to a period of 266 years between the conjunction & maximal elongation of Venus, which corresponds approximately to the length of individual maternity.

A adjective Venusian is unremarkably utilized for Venus, however these are etymologically wrong. Trueness adjective from either Latin, Venereal, is avoided because of its modern association with sexually transmitted diseases. A select few uranologist apply Cytherean, which comes from Cythera. More less most common adjectives include Venerean, Venerian, & Veneran. A Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cultures refer to a planet as the Metal Star, according to a Five Elements.

Physical characteristics

Atmosphere
Venus has an atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and a little total of nitrogen, with the pressure at the superficial astir Ninety days that of Globe (the pressure same to a depth of One kilometer under Globe's oceans). This staggeringly CO_Two-rich atmosphere outcomes within the hard greenhouse effect that raises the skin-deep temperature extra than 400 °C (750 °F) above what it would exist when otherwise, stimulating temperatures at a surface to email extremes when nifty as 500°C (930°F) inside sale elevation regions touching a planet's equator. This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, even though Venus is about twice when distant from either a Sun & single receives 25% of the solar irradiance (2613.Ennead W/m² in the upper atmosphere, & simply 1071.Unity W/m² at a surface). Owing to a thermal inertia & convection of its heavy atmosphere, a temperature doesn't change significantly between a nighttime & day sides of Venus despite its highly slow rotation of less than of these rotation by the Venusian season at the equator meaning that Venus's surface rotates at the mere Vi.Quintuplet kilometers per hour (Foursome mph). Upper atmosphere winds circling a planet around each Iv years aid distribute a heat to more areas on the surface.

A solar irradiance is such moo at a surface of Venus because a planet's heavy cloud handle reflects a majority of the sun back into space. This prevents virtually all of a sun from either ever heating the surface. Venus's bolometric albedo is approximately 60%, & its ocular weak reflective power is potentially greater. So, despite existence nearer to a Sun than Globe, the surface of Venus is non besides heated & possibly less swell lit per Sun. In a absence of any greenhouse warming, a temperature at the surface of Venus would become quite similar to Globe. a most common conceptual misunderstanding on Venus is the mistaken belief that its heavy cloud handle traps heat, when the opposite is actually avowedly. A cloud handle keeps a planet very much cooler than it would become otherwise. A vast quantity of CO_Ii in a atmosphere is what traps the heat per glasshouse mechanism.

There are heavy 300 kilometres by the hour (200 mph) winds at a cloud tops, however winds at a surface may be slow, those days are gone than two or three miles per hour. All the same, owing to the high density of the atmosphere at Venus's surface, possibly such slow winds exert the important total of inflict against obstructions. A clouds come principally composed of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid droplets and handle a planet entirely, obscuring any skin-deep details from either a human eye. A temperature at a tops one clouds is close to −45 °C (−110 °F). A mean skin-deep temperature of Venus, every bit from NASA, is 464 °C (864 °F). A minimum value of a temperature, employed in the table, refers to cloud tops —the superficial temperature is never following 400 °C (750 °F). (This makes a superficial temperature hot sufficiency to melt lead.)

Surface features
Venus has slow retrograde rotation, meaning it rotates from east to west, instead of west to east when virtually all of the more planet wash. (Pluto and Uranus also have retrograde rotation, though Uranus's axis, tilted at 97.86 degrees, virtually lies within its orbital plane.) These are non known how come Venus is different in that manner, although it can be the effect of the collision using a super big asteroid at some instance in the distant past. Whenever a Sun can be seen from either Venus' surface, it would pop up to rise & placed within the 116.75 day period (Venus' synodic rotation period), & the Venusian season would so go One.92 Venusian "days".

Additionally to this unusual retrograde rotation, a periods of Venus' rotation & of its orbit come synchronized within such how else that it universally presents a equivalent face toward Globe whenever them planets come at their nearest approach (Phoebe.001 Venusian times between from each one inferior conjunction). This might just become a coincidence, however there exists a few speculation that this can be the symptom of tidal locking, with tidal forces affecting Venus' rotation whenever a planets become close plenty together —although a tides raised by Globe in Venus come vanishingly little.

Venus has 2 major continent-such as upland in its surface, rising across huge plains. A northern upland is known as Ishtar Terra and has Venus's highest mountains, known as a Maxwell Montes (roughly Two kilometre taller than Mount Everest) after James Clerk Maxwell, which surround the tableland Lakshmi Planum. Ishtar Terra is all about a size of Australia. In the southern hemisphere is the big Aphrodite Terra, about a size of South America. Between these upland come the total of wide depressions, including Atalanta Planitia, Guinevere Planitia, and Lavinia Planitia. By using single a exceptiin of Maxwell Montes, wholly skin-deep features on Venus come known as when very or even mythic females. Venus' heavy atmosphere stimulates meteors to decelerate as it fall toward the surface, & potentially big meteors may strike a surface at as well moo a speed to form an impact crater if they use to the lesser degree a certain threshold kinetic energy. Because of this, there are no impact crater little than astir Triad kilometer (Deuce mi) from side to side potty form.

About 90% of Venus's surface appears to consist of recently (in the geologic feel) coagulated basaltic lava, with super couple of meteorite craters. A oldest features present in Venus seem to become single around 800 million years old, by owning virtually all of the terrain existence well immature (though however non to a lesser degree many hundred million years largely). This suggests that Venus underwent the major resurfacing event in the non too distant geologic past. A interior of Venus is probably similar to that of Globe: an iron core about 3000 kilometre around radius, by using a molten bumpy mantle making higher the majority of the planet. Recent outcomes from either a Magellan gravity data show that Venus's crust is stronger & thicker than experienced antecedently been assumed. These are theorized that Venus doesn't stand free to roam plate tectonics as Earth does, however instead undergoes massive volcanic upwellings at regular intervals that inundate its surface by having freshly lava. More recent findings indicate that Venus is however fall active within isolated geological hotspots.

Venus's intrinsical magnetic field has been found super decrepit in comparison more planets in the solar patterns. This can be due to its slow rotation existence deficient to cause an internal dynamo of liquid iron. Following, solar wind strikes Venus's upper atmosphere without mediation. These are thought that Venus originally experienced as much water as Earth, however that under a Sun's assault water vapour in the upper atmosphere was split into hydrogen and oxygen, with a atomic number 1 escaping into space owing to its moo molecular mass; a ratio of h to deuterium (a heavily isotope of hydrogen which doesn't escape when quickly) around Venus's atmosphere seems to trend lines this theory. Molecular o is thought to own combined by using atoms in the crust (big numbers of o, still, remain in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide). Because of their dryness, Venus's rocks come tremendously harder than Globe's, which leads to steeper mountains, drop & more features.

Venus' moon
Venus was when thought to possess the moon, named Neith after the primary goddess of Sais, Egypt (whose veil no individual raised), 1st found by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672. German uranologist known as a moon Kleinchen (literally "tiny"), & sporadic sightings by uranologist continued until 1892. These sightings own since been discredited, & come thought to keep around been mostly swoon stars that happened to be in the best place at the right period, or possibly perchance even asteroids passing by the planet. Venus is okay, known to become moonless.

Observations and explorations of Venus

Historical observations
Venus is the virtually all large astronomical feature in Globe's morning & evening sky (differently a Sun & Moon), & has been known since prior to recorded history. One of a oldest living astronomical documents, from a Babylonian library of Ashurbanipal around 1600 BC, is a Twenty-one-month record of a appearances of Venus (which the early Babylonians known as Nindaranna). A ancient Sumerians and Babylonians known as Venus Dil-bat or even Dil-i personally-patrick cooper; within Akkadia it was the favorite star of the mother-god Ishtar; and within Chinese it is Jīn-xīnanogram (金星), a planet of the metal element.

Around Indithe, Venus is known as Shukra Graha (a planet Shukra) which is known as fallowing a mighty saint Shukra. A word 'Shukra' too associated by having come, or even generation.

Venus was considered a first celestial immune system found per Maya, who known as it Chak ek, "the Great Star", possibly extra crucial even than a Sun. A Mayans monitored a movements of Venus closely & found it within day. A positions of Venus & more planets were thought to influence life olympic games, & so Maya and more ancient Mesoamerican cultures timed wars and more significant cases according to their observations. In the Dresden Codex, the Maya involved an almanac showing Venus's fully period, around 5 sets of 584 years every (some eight years), fallowing which the system repeated (since Venus has a synodic period of 583.92 days).

At a half-good phase Venus is at greatest elongation — east of the Sun once an evening star & west of the Sun as a morning star. A accurate angle a planet makes sustaining a Sun at this period varies from either roughly 45.0° to 47.8° based in whether Globe & Venus come at perihelion or aphelion. This range is lot little than that of Mercury because Venus's orbit is far less eccentric than Mercury's.

Early Greeks thought that the evening & morning appearances of Venus represented ii different objects, calling it Hesperus while it appeared in the american evening sky & Phosphorus after it appeared in the eastern morning sky. It at length come to recognize that two objects were a equivalent planet; Pythagoras is given credit for this realization. In the 4th century BC, Heraclides Ponticus proposed that both Venus & Mercury orbited a Sun like than Globe.

Because its orbit takes it between a Globe & the Sun, Venus when seen from either Globe exhibits seeable phases in much a equivalent manner when a Globe's Moon. Galileo Galilei was a number one human to watch the phases of Venus around December 1610, an observation which supported Copernicus's then contentious heliocentric description of the solar system. He likewise noted changes in the size of Venus's seeable across whenever it was around different phases, suggesting that it was farther from either Globe whilst it was fully & nigh once it was the crescent. This observation strongly supported a heliocentric model. Venus (& as well Mercury) is non seeable from either Globe once these are fully, since at that instance these are at superior conjunction, rising & setting concomitantly sustaining a Sun and hence wasted in the Sun's glare.

Venus is brightly whenever more or less 25% of its disk is illuminated; this often occurs 37 years two prior to (in the evening sky) & fallowing (in the morning sky), its inferior conjunction. Its greatest elongations occur about Lxx years prior to & fallowing inferior conjunction, at which period these are half to a full; between these 2 intervals Venus is actually seeable around wide daylight, whenever the observer knows specifically right where to look for it. A planet's period of retrograde motiin is Xx years on either side of the inferior conjunction. In point of fact, across the scope Venus at greatest elongation appears to a lesser degree half to the full due to Schröter's effect number 1 found around 1793 & shown within 1996 when imputable its heavy atmosphere.

around uncommon occasions, Venus might actually become seen in two a morning (prior to sunrise) & evening (when sunset) on the equivalent day. This scenario arises whilst Venus is at its maximal separation from either a ecliptic and concomitantly at inferior even conjunction; then a single hemisphere (Northern or Southern) is breathe to view it at each days. This chance presented itself last for Northern Hemisphere observers in two or three years in either side of March 29, 2001, & for victims in the Southern Hemisphere, in and in August 19, 1999. These several cases repeat themselves each eight years pursuant to the planet's synodic period.

Transits of Venus, when a planet crosses directly between a Globe & a Sun's seeable disc, come uncommon astronomic cases. the 1st period such a transit was observed get on December 4, 1639 by Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree. The transit within 1761 observed by Mikhail Lomonosov provided a number 1 grounds to believe that Venus experienced an atmosphere, & the 19th-century observations of parallax during its transits allowed a few feet away between the Globecome & Sun to be accurately estimated first. Transits might exclusively occur either inside early June or early December, these being the points at which Venus crosses a ecliptic (a orbital plane of the Globe), & occur within pairs at eight-month intervals, sustaining every such pair to a higher degree a century apart. A last pair of transits of Venus occurred inside 1874 and 1882, and a todays pair is inside 2004 and 2012.

In the 19th century, many observers stated that Venus got the period of rotation of about Two dozen hours. Italian uranologist Giovanni Schiaparelli was the 1st to predict the significantly slower rotation, proposing that Venus was tidally locked with the Sun (when he experienced likewise projected for Mercury). Piece non actually avowedly for either person, this was however the reasonably exact estimate. A touching-resonance between its rotation & its nighest approach to Globecome helped to produce this impression, after Venus universally seemed to become facing a equivalent counsel when it was in the better location for observations to be processed. A rotation rate of Venus was 1st measured when you took a 1961 conjunction, observed by microwave radar from either the Twenty-six m antenna at Goldstone, California, the Jodrell Bank Radio Observatory in the UK, and a Soviet deep space facility in Evpatoriia. Accuracy was refined at to each one subsequent conjunction, primarily from either either measuring manufactured from Goldstone & Evpatoriia. A fact that rotation was retrograde was non confirmed until 1964.

Prior to radio observations in the 1960s, many believed that Venus contained the lush, Globe-rather environment. This was due to the planet's size & orbital radius, which suggested a fairly Earthlike situation besides when to the heavy layer of clouds which prevented the surface from either existence seen. Among the speculations in Venus were that it experienced a junglelike environment or even that it got oceans of either petroleum or carbonated water. Yet, microwave observations within 1956, by C. Mayer et al, indicated the high-temperature source (600 K). Strangely, millimetre-band observations processed by The. D. Kuzmin indicated lot cold. Both competing theories explained the unusual radio-frequency spectrum, of these suggesting a hotness originated in the ionosphere, & an additional suggesting a hot planetary surface.

Observation by spacecraft
There stand been many remote-controlled missions to Venus. Many Russian probes own involved a easy landing on the surface, by using as much as 110 transactions of communication from either the surface, altogether forgoing go to.

Early flybys
In February 12, 1961, the Soviet spacecraft Venera 1 was the foremost probe launched to another planet. An overheated orientation detector brought it on to malfunction, however Venera-One was number 1 to combine all a necessary features of an interplanetary ballistic capsule: solar panels, parabolical telemetry antenna, Three-axis stabilization, course-correction engine, & the foremost launch from either parking orbit.

A foremost successful Venus probe was a American Mariner 2 spacecraft, which flew past Venus inside 1962. The limited Ranger Moon probe, it established that Venus has no magnetic field and measured the planet's thermal microwave emissions.

A Soviet Union launched the Zond 1 probe to Venus on April 2, 1964, but it malfunctioned onetime when its Could 16 telemetry session.

Early landings
In March 1, 1966 the Venera 3 Soviet space probe crash-landed on Venus, becoming a number 1 space vehicle to email a planet's surface. Its sister craft Venera 2 had failed from overheating shortly prior to completing its flyby mission.

A descent capsule of Venera 4 entered the atmosphere of Venus in October 18, 1967. A number 1 probe to link to directly measure from either a second planet, a capsule measured temperature, pressure, density & performed Eleven automatic chemical experiments to analyze a atmosphere. It showed 95% carbon dioxide, & around combination by having radio eclipse information from either a Mariner 5 probe, it showed that surface pressures were far greater than expected (75 to 100 atmospheres).

These resolutions were verified & refined per Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions on May 16 and 17 of 1969. However as yet, none one missions got reached a surface spell however transmitting. Venera Four's battery ran out when however slowly swimming through a massive atmosphere, & Venera Five & 6 were crushed by high pressure Eighteen klick (60,000 foot) above the surface.

A foremost successful landing in Venus was by Venera 7 on December 15, 1970. It relayed superficial temperatures of 455 °C to 475 °C (855 °F to 885 °F). Venera 8 landed on July 22, 1972. Additionally to pressure & temperature profiles, a photometer showed that the clouds of Venus formed a layer, ending terminated Twenty-two miles above the surface. The gamma ray spectrometer analyzed the chemical composition of the crust.

Early orbiters
A Soviet probe Venera 9 entered orbit on October 22, 1975, becoming the number one artificial satellite of Venus. a battery of cameras & mass spectrometer returned tools just about the planet's clouds, ionosphere & magnetosphere, too when performing bistatic radio detection and ranging mensuration of the surface.

A 660 kilogram (1,455 pound) descent vehicle[http://www.braeunig.us/space/planet.htm] separated from either Venerthe 9 & landed, ingesting the number one pictures of a surface & analyzing the crust by using a gamma ray mass spectrometer & a densitometer. When you took descent, pressure, temperature & photometrical measure were manufactured, besides when backscattering & multi-angle scattering (nephelometer) measurements of cloud density. It was found that a clouds of Venus come formed around threesome distinct shells. In October 25, Venera 10 arrived and carried out the similar program of learn.

Pioneer Venus
Within 1978, NASA sent two Pioneer spacecraft to Venus. the Pioneer mission consisted of ii components, launched one by one: an Orbiter & a Multiprobe. A Pioneer Venus Multiprobe carried one big & tierce little atmospherical probes. A big probe was freed in November 16, 1978 and the 3 microscopic probes in November 20. Altogether quartet probes entered a Venus atmosphere in December 9, followed by the delivery vehicle. Although non potential to endure a descent through a atmosphere, 1 probe continued to work for 45 transactions when reaching the surface. A Pioneer Venus Orbiter was inserted into an elliptical orbit about Venus in December 4, 1978. It carried Xvii experiments & operated until a fuel utilized to maintainside its orbit was exhausted & atmospherical entry destroyed a ballistic capsule in August 1992.

Further Soviet successes
Color image taken from the surface of Venus by the Soviet Venera 13 lander As well within 1978, Venera 11 and Venera 12 flew past Venus, dropping descent vehicles in December 21 and December 25 respectively. the landers carried colour cameras & a soil drill & analyser, which alas malfunctioned. To each one lander mass produced mensuration using the nephelometer, mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph, and the cloud-droplet chemical analyser applying X-ray fluorescence that unexpectedly discovered the big proportion of cl in the clouds, additionally to sulphur. Hard lightning activity was also found.

Venera 13 and Venera 14 carried out essentially a equivalent missiin, make Venus on March 1 and March 5, 1982. This period, colour camera & soil-drilling/analysis experiments were successful. X-ray fluorescence analysis of soil samples showed final result similar to potassium-rich basalt rock.

In October 10 and October 11, 1983, Venera 15 and Venera 16 entered polar orbits around Venus. Venera 15 analyzed & mapped a upper atmosphere by using an infrared Fourier spectrometer. From either November 11 to July 10, both satellites mapped a northern third of the planet using synthetic aperture radar. These final result provided a number one elaborate understanding of a superficial geology of Venus, including the discovery of unusual massive shield volcanoes like coronae & arachnoids. Venus experienced there are no grounds to believe of shell tectonics, unless a northern third of the planet happened to become one shell.

A Soviet Vega 1 and Vega 2 probes encountered Venus in June 11 and June 15 of 1985. Landing vehicles carried experiments focusing in cloud aerosol composition & structure. Both carried an ultraviolet absorption mass mass spectrometer, aerosol particle-size analyser, & gear for collecting aerosol poop & analyzing it by using the mass spectrometer, the barking spiders chromatograph, & an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. A upper ii shells of a clouds were incurred to become sulfuric acid droplets, however the moo layer is probably composed of phosphoric acid guide. the crust of Venus was analyzed by using a soil drill experiment & a gamma ray mass spectrometer. When a landers carried there is there are no cameras in board, no images were returned from either a surface.

A Vega missions as well deployed balloon-borne aerostat probes that floated at just about 53 klick altitude severally for 46 & 60 hours, touring about 1/3 of a way around the planet. These measured wind speed, temperature, pressure & cloud density. Additional turbulence & convection activity than required was found, including occasional plunges of 1 to 3 kilometer around downdrafts. A Vega ballistic capsule continued to rendezvous using Halley's Comet nine months later, bringing an additional 14 instruments and cameras for that mission.

Magellan
In August 10, 1990, the Me Magellan probe arrived at its orbit around the planet & began a mission of elaborated radar mapping. 98% of the surface was mapped by having the guide of some Hundred m. Fallowing a tetrad-month missiin, Magellan, when plotted, plunged into the atmosphere on October 11, 1994, and part volatilized; a select few sections come thought to keep around hit a planet's surface.

Recent flybys
Many space probes en route to more destinations stand utilized flybys of Venus to increase their speed via a gravitational slingshot method. These include a Galileo mission to Jupiter and the Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn (two flybys). Like curiously, in the period of Cassini's examination of the radiofrequency emissions of Venus with its radio & plasma wave science instrument when you took each a 1998 & 1999 flybys, it saw absolutely there are no high-frequency radio emission (Cypher.125 to 16 MHz), which are then unremarkably associated sustaining lightning. This is within straight opposition to the findings of the Soviet Venera missions Xx years earliest. These are postulated that mayhap in case Venus does keep around lightning, it can become occasionally nature and severity of on line-frequency electrical activity, due to a fact that radio signals just can not penetrate the ionosphere at frequencies in the image below astir Unity megacycle. An examination by physicist Donald Gurnett of a University of Iowa of radio radiation of Venus per Galileo space vehicle when you took its gravity help flyby inside 1990 did reveal what were interpreted at the period to become fact mood of lightning. Even so a Galileo probe wwhen ended Lx days when distant to Venus as was Cassini in the period of its flyby, making its observations substantially less important. To this day it remains the mystery when to whether or even does'nt Venus knock off fact own lightning around its atmosphere.

Future missions
Venus Express is a mission prepared by the European Space Agency which will survey a atmosphere & surface characteristics of Venus from either orbit. A nominal mapping mission is planned to begaround in 2006 and is expected to go for ii Venusian times (astir D Globe times).

First flybys on the way to more destinations include a MESSENGER and BepiColombo missions to Mercury.

Proposals
To overcome the hellish superficial conditions, a team led by Geoffrey Landis of NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio has proposed [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7354] the Venus Rover mission that includes the hard superficial rover inside communication sustaining a solar-powered aircraft. A aircraft would carry a mission's sensitive electronics in the comparatively modest temperatures of Venus' upper atmosphere.

Landis besides makes the experience for Venus as a target for person settlement. At Fifty kilometer above a surface, a temperature range is Cipher-50°C, a air pressure drops to Unity atmosphere, a gravity is 0.Ennead that of Globe, & a resources for life come plentiful (watch Venus Related Papers at [http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/papers.html]).

Appearance
! Greatest Eastern Elongation || Maximal brightness || Stationary, start out retrograde || Inferior Conjunction || Stationary, resume direct|| Maximal brightness || Greatest American Elongation || Superior Conjunction |- | March 29, 2004 46° || May 3, 2004 || May 18, 2004 || June 8, 2004 || June 29, 2004 || July 13, 2004 || August 17, 2004 45.8° || March 31, 2005 |- | November 3, 2005 47.1° || December 12, 2005 || December 23, 2005 || January 13, 2006 || February 3, 2006 || February 14, 2006 || March 25, 2006 46.5° || October 27, 2006 |- | June 9, 2007 45.4° || July 14, 2007 || July 25, 2007 || August 18, 2007 || September 7, 2007 || September 23, 2007 || October 28, 2007 46.5° || June 9, 2008 |- | January 14, 2009 47.1° || February 20, 2009 || March 5, 2009 || March 27, 2009 || April 15, 2009 || April 29, 2009 || June 5, 2009 45.9° || January 11, 2010 |- | August 20, 2010 46° || September 27, 2010 || October 7, 2010 || October 29, 2009 || November 16, 2010 || December 2, 2010 || January 8, 2011 47° || August 16, 2011 |- | March 27, 2012 46° || April 30, 2012 || May 15, 2012 || June 6, 2012 || June 27, 2012 || July 10, 2012 || August 15, 2012 45.8° || March 28, 2013 |- | November 1, 2013 47.1° || December 10, 2013 || December 20, 2013 || January 11, 2014 || January 31, 2014 || February 11, 2014 || March 22, 2014 46.6° || October 25, 2014 |- | June 6, 2015 45.4° || July 12, 2015 || July 23, 2015 || August 15, 2015 || September 5, 2015 || September 20, 2015 || October 26, 2015 46.4° || June 6, 2016 |- | January 12, 2017 47.1° || February 18, 2017 || March 2, 2017 || March 25, 2017 || April 12, 2017 || April 26, 2017 || June 3, 2017 45.9° || January 9, 2018 |- | August 17, 2018 45.9° || September 25, 2018 || October 5, 2018 || October 26, 2018 || November 24, 2018 || November 30, 2018 || January 6, 2019 47° || August 14, 2019 |- | March 24, 2020 46.1° || April 28, 2020 || May 13, 2020 || June 3, 2020 || June 24, 2020 || July 8, 2020 || August 13, 2020 45.8° || March 26, 2021 |}

Cultural references
Until it was penetrated by probes, Venus's unintelligible cloud layer gave science fiction writers free reinside in imagining a planet's surface, & it oftentimes imagined it to become Earthlike. There are a few sect world health organization guess that Hell may be located in Venus. Its highly high skin-deep temperature & heavy cloud handle are causal agents for humans to think that a fires of Hell burn on the surface, obscured from either my earthly review. On the more hand, other sects assume Venus to exist as a few form of paradise or even an advanced secret base for angels/aliens to work from either.

Around Olaf Stapledon's epic Last and First Men (1930), Venus is an oceanic idyll in which man develop a power of flight. In the mythology of Middle-earth (1937), by J. R. R. Tolkien, Venus is the Star of Eärendil. the star was created whilst Eärendil a Jack-tar was placed in the sky in his ship, by having a Silmaril bound to his brow. In point of fact, Tolkien chose a title directly from either a ancient Old English word for the planet Venus. In H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos (1928–), there are mentions of the 'Lords of Venus', and conflicting indications that the Serpent People originated there. The H. P. Lovecraft and Kenneth Sterling short story 'In the Walls of Eryx' (1939), takes place on Venus, but is not considered part of the Cthulhu Mythos. A 2nd book of the Space Trilogy (1938–1945) by C.S. Lewis, Perelandra 1943) takes place on Venus (called by the natives Perelandra), the site of a second garden of Eden. In the military SF classic Clash by Night (1943) by Henry Kuttner (writing as Lawrence O'Donnell) and C. L. Moore, underwater city-states hire mercenary companies and their battleships to fight their wars on the surface. Venus was a residence planet of the Mekon, arch-enemy of the 1950s comic book hero Dan Dare. Numerous science-fiction moving picture & serials of the '50s and '60s, such as Abbott and Costello Go to Mars and Space Patrol, have used Venus' namesake goddess and her domain to contrive planetary populations of nubile women welcoming (or attacking) all-male astronaut crews. Venus is the location of many Starfleet Academy training facilities and terraforming stations in the fancied Star Trek universe (1966–). Around Jacqueline Susann's Yargo (1979), Venus is inhabited by bees that are when large when horses. Venus is briefly mentioned in Arthur C. Clarke's 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997). The presumptively terraformed Venus was the setting of 1 episode of the anime Cowboy Bebop (1998). In the indicate, Venus was revealed to exist as an arid however inhabitable globe. Very much of the people sleep in swimming cities in the sky. In the cartoon Exosquad, terraformed Venus was portrayed as one of a tercet inhabitable planets in a solar technique (the others existence Globe & Mars). The further scientifically exact depiction of the planet is offered around Ben Bova's novel Venus (2000, ISBN 031287216X)-